Research lab
Detect, investigate and prevent fraudulent traffic.
Traffic Fraud Lab publishes practical guides on click fraud, invalid traffic, affiliate abuse, lead fraud and the evidence that separates suspicion from a decision.
Latest research
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Click Fraud Behavioral Analysis: How to Detect Suspicious Click Patterns
Behavioral analysis helps uncover click fraud that static IP lists and device rules miss. This guide explains how to examine timing, sessions, repetition, landing-page activity and conversion behavior…
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Click Fraud Device Fingerprinting: How to Use It in a Layered Detection System
Device fingerprinting can reveal repeated browsers, emulators, automation patterns and coordinated click activity, but it should be treated as one signal rather than proof of fraud. This guide…
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Click Fraud IP Blocking: How to Exclude Suspicious Addresses Safely
IP blocking can reduce repeated abusive activity, but an address is not an identity. This practical guide explains how to investigate suspicious IPs, apply exclusions safely and account…
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Repeated Clicks from the Same IP: When Are They Suspicious?
Repeated clicks from one IP address can indicate click fraud, but they can also come from offices, households, mobile carriers, VPNs, or corporate proxies. This guide explains how…
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Click Farm Fraud: How to Detect Coordinated Human Clicking
Click farm fraud uses coordinated people, phones, emulators or low-cost devices to generate clicks that resemble genuine user activity. This guide explains the signals, investigation steps and validation…
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Click Fraud Bots: How Automated Clients Generate Billable Clicks
Click fraud bots imitate browsers, apps and real users to generate advertising clicks that may consume budget without producing genuine commercial intent. This guide explains how automated clients…
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Types of Click Fraud: A Practical Guide to Competitor Clicks, Bots and Attribution Attacks
Click fraud is not one behavior. It includes automated clicks, competitor activity, click farms, forced interactions and attacks that manipulate attribution. This guide explains how each type works,…
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How to Detect Click Fraud: A Step-by-Step Investigation Guide
Click fraud is rarely confirmed by one suspicious metric. This practical guide shows how to move from an anomaly to a defensible finding using campaign data, click logs,…